TOEFL ibt リーディングテストのスコアを改善するには…
自分も、リーディング問題に苦戦したことがありますが、
一番の対策は、多読をすること。
このシリーズでは、リーディング対策用の設問も合わせて
様々なトピックでリーディング練習が出来るようにしております。
ぜひ、活用して、自身のスコアアップを目指して下さい。
本文
Ancient Greece and Rome are often regarded as the cradles of Western civilization. These ancient civilizations left a lasting legacy in terms of their political systems, art, literature, philosophy, and architecture. The influence of Greek and Roman culture can still be seen today in various aspects of modern society.
One of the key contributions of Ancient Greece lies in its political system. The Greeks were among the first to develop the concept of democracy, which involved the participation of citizens in decision-making processes. Athens, in particular, is known for its democratic system, where eligible male citizens had the right to vote and engage in public affairs.
In addition to their political advancements, the Greeks made significant contributions to the fields of philosophy and literature. Renowned Greek philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle laid the foundation for Western philosophical thought. Their works explored fundamental questions about ethics, knowledge, and the nature of reality. Greek playwrights like Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides produced timeless tragedies and comedies that still resonate with audiences today.
Moving on to Ancient Rome, this civilization built upon the achievements of the Greeks and made significant advancements in governance, engineering, and law. The Roman Republic, which later transitioned into the Roman Empire, introduced a system of governance that influenced subsequent political structures. The Romans also excelled in engineering, constructing magnificent structures like aqueducts, roads, and monumental buildings such as the Colosseum and the Pantheon.
Furthermore, Roman law had a profound impact on legal systems around the world. The concept of “innocent until proven guilty” and the principles of equity and justice were foundational elements of Roman jurisprudence. Many modern legal systems trace their origins back to the Roman legal framework, which emphasized the importance of codified laws and legal procedures.
The art and architecture of Ancient Greece and Rome also left an indelible mark. Greek sculptures, characterized by their naturalistic portrayal of the human form, became a benchmark for subsequent artistic traditions. Roman architecture, influenced by Greek aesthetics, incorporated elements like columns, arches, and domes, resulting in grand structures that reflected the power and grandeur of the empire.
In conclusion, Ancient Greece and Rome played pivotal roles in shaping Western civilization. Their contributions in the realms of politics, philosophy, literature, architecture, and law laid the groundwork for the development of subsequent societies. The enduring legacy of these ancient civilizations serves as a testament to their lasting impact on the world we live in today.
設問
- Which of the following areas did Ancient Greece and Rome contribute to Western civilization?
A. Science and technology
B. Political systems
C. Industrial revolution
D. Space exploration - What is one of the key contributions of Ancient Greece?
A. Advancements in engineering
B. Development of democracy
C. Artistic achievements
D. Legal innovations - Which of the following philosophers laid the foundation for Western philosophical thought?
A. Confucius
B. Socrates
C. Muhammad
D. Isaac Newton - What type of plays did Greek playwrights produce?
A. Musicals
B. Comedies and tragedies
C. Romances
D. Epic poems - How did Ancient Rome build upon the achievements of Ancient Greece?
A. By conquering new territories
B. By developing a monarchy system
C. By making advancements in engineering and governance
D. By rejecting Greek culture completely - Which architectural structures were constructed by the Romans?
A. Pyramids
B. Skyscrapers
C. Aqueducts and the Colosseum
D. Castles and fortresses - What principles of law were foundational elements of Roman jurisprudence?
A. “Innocent until proven guilty” and equity
B. “Guilty until proven innocent” and mercy
C. “Trial by combat” and favoritism
D. “Jury of peers” and impartiality - How did the art of Ancient Greece influence subsequent artistic traditions?
A. By focusing on abstract forms
B. By depicting supernatural creatures
C. By emphasizing geometric shapes
D. By portraying the human form naturally - Which ancient civilization is known for its monumental buildings such as the Pantheon?
A. Ancient Egypt
B. Ancient China
C. Ancient Greece
D. Ancient Rome - What is the significance of Ancient Greece and Rome in shaping Western civilization?
A. They introduced the concept of communism
B. They developed the first written language
C. They laid the foundation for politics, philosophy, literature, architecture, and law
D. They invented the printing press and movable type - Which ancient civilization introduced the concept of democracy?
A. Ancient Egypt
B. Ancient China
C. Ancient Greece
D. Ancient Rome - Which legal systems trace their origins back to the Roman legal framework?
A. Common law systems
B. Religious law systems
C. Tribal law systems
D. Feudal law systems - What is the lasting impact of Ancient Greece and Rome on modern society?
A. They revolutionized modern medicine
B. They invented the computer and internet
C. They influenced modern political systems, philosophy, literature, architecture, and law
D. They discovered electricity and developed electricity-based technologies - Which of the following is NOT an area in which Ancient Greece and Rome made significant contributions?
A. Political systems
B. Philosophy and literature
C. Music and dance
D. Architecture and engineering - How would you describe the influence of Greek and Roman culture on modern society?
A. Negligible and insignificant
B. Partial and limited
C. Moderate and substantial
D. Complete and exclusive
解答・解説
- Which of the following areas did Ancient Greece and Rome contribute to Western civilization?
Answer: B. Political systems
Explanation: Ancient Greece and Rome made significant contributions to Western civilization, including their political systems. They developed concepts such as democracy and introduced systems of governance that influenced subsequent political structures.
- What is one of the key contributions of Ancient Greece?
Answer: B. Development of democracy
Explanation: One of the key contributions of Ancient Greece was the development of democracy. The Greeks were among the first to establish a system of government where eligible male citizens had the right to vote and participate in public affairs.
- Which of the following philosophers laid the foundation for Western philosophical thought?
Answer: B. Socrates
Explanation: Socrates, along with philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle, laid the foundation for Western philosophical thought. Their works explored fundamental questions about ethics, knowledge, and the nature of reality.
- What type of plays did Greek playwrights produce?
Answer: B. Comedies and tragedies
Explanation: Greek playwrights produced both comedies and tragedies. Playwrights such as Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides created timeless works that encompassed a wide range of themes and emotions.
- How did Ancient Rome build upon the achievements of Ancient Greece?
Answer: C. By making advancements in engineering and governance
Explanation: Ancient Rome built upon the achievements of Ancient Greece by making advancements in various fields, including engineering and governance. They constructed impressive structures and introduced a system of governance that influenced subsequent political systems.
- Which architectural structures were constructed by the Romans?
Answer: C. Aqueducts and the Colosseum
Explanation: The Romans constructed architectural marvels such as aqueducts and monumental buildings like the Colosseum. These structures showcased the engineering expertise and grandeur of Ancient Rome.
- What principles of law were foundational elements of Roman jurisprudence?
Answer: A. “Innocent until proven guilty” and equity
Explanation: Foundational elements of Roman jurisprudence included the principles of “innocent until proven guilty” and equity. These concepts emphasized fair treatment and the presumption of innocence in legal proceedings.
- How did the art of Ancient Greece influence subsequent artistic traditions?
Answer: D. By portraying the human form naturally
Explanation: The art of Ancient Greece influenced subsequent artistic traditions by portraying the human form naturally and realistically. Greek sculptures set a benchmark for the representation of the human body in art.
- Which ancient civilization is known for its monumental buildings such as the Pantheon?
Answer: D. Ancient Rome
Explanation: Ancient Rome is known for its monumental buildings such as the Pantheon. These structures exemplify the architectural achievements of the Roman civilization.
- What is the significance of Ancient Greece and Rome in shaping Western civilization?
Answer: C. They laid the foundation for politics, philosophy, literature, architecture, and law
Explanation: Ancient Greece and Rome played a significant role in shaping Western civilization by laying the foundation for various aspects of society, including politics, philosophy, literature, architecture, and law.
- Which ancient civilization introduced the concept of democracy?
Answer: C. Ancient Greece
Explanation: Ancient Greece introduced the concept of democracy, where eligible male citizens had the right to participate in decision-making processes.
- Which legal systems trace their origins back to the Roman legal framework?
Answer: A. Common law systems
Explanation: Common law systems trace their origins back to the Roman legal framework. The principles and concepts of Roman law influenced the development of legal systems in many countries.
- What is the lasting impact of Ancient Greece and Rome on modern society?
Answer: C. They influenced modern political systems, philosophy, literature, architecture, and law
Explanation: Ancient Greece and Rome have had a lasting impact on modern society through their influence on political systems, philosophy, literature, architecture, and law. These ancient civilizations provided the foundation for many aspects of our contemporary world.
- Which of the following is NOT an area in which Ancient Greece and Rome made significant contributions?
Answer: C. Music and dance
Explanation: While Ancient Greece and Rome made significant contributions in various fields, including political systems, philosophy, literature, architecture, and law, they did not have as prominent a role in the development of music and dance.
- How would you describe the influence of Greek and Roman culture on modern society?
Answer: C. Moderate and substantial
Explanation: The influence of Greek and Roman culture on modern society is described as moderate and substantial. Their contributions in various fields continue to shape and influence our contemporary world.
本文の日本語訳
古代ギリシャとローマは、しばしば西洋文明の発祥地とされています。これらの古代文明は、その政治体制、美術、文学、哲学、建築において持続的な遺産を残しました。ギリシャとローマの文化の影響は、現代社会のさまざまな側面において今も見られます。
古代ギリシャの主要な貢献の一つはその政治体制です。ギリシャ人は市民の参加が意思決定プロセスにおいて行われるという民主主義の概念を開発した最初の文明の一つでした。特にアテネは、適格な男性市民が投票権を持ち、公共の事務に参加することができるという民主的な体制で知られています。
政治の進歩に加えて、ギリシャ人は哲学と文学の分野で重要な貢献をしました。ソクラテス、プラトン、アリストテレスなどの著名なギリシャの哲学者は、西洋の哲学的思考の基礎を築きました。彼らの著作は倫理、知識、現実の本質についての基本的な問いを探求しました。アイスキュロス、ソフォクレス、エウリピデスなどのギリシャの劇作家は、今日でも観客に響く不朽の悲劇や喜劇を生み出しました。
古代ローマに移ると、この文明はギリシャの成果を基盤として、政治、工学、法律の分野で重要な進展を遂げました。後にローマ帝国へと移行したローマ共和国は、その統治体制が後の政治構造に影響を与えました。ローマ人はまた、水道橋、道路、コロッセウムやパンテオンなどの壮大な建築物を建設することで優れた工学技術を示しました。
さらに、ローマ法は世界中の法制度に深い影響を与えました。「有罪が証明されるまでの無罪」という概念や公平性と正義の原則は、ローマの法学の基本要素でした。多くの現代の法制度は、ローマの法律の枠組みに起源をたどります。この法律は法典化された法律と法的手続きの重要性を強調していました。
古代ギリシャとローマの芸術と建築も忘れてはなりません。ギリシャの彫刻は、人間の形態の自然な描写で特徴付けられ、後の芸術の伝統の基準となりました。ギリシャの美学に影響を受けたローマ建築は、柱、アーチ、ドームなどの要素を取り入れ、帝国の力と壮大さを反映した壮麗な建造物を生み出しました。
まとめると、古代ギリシャとローマは西洋文明の形成において重要な役割を果たしました。政治、哲学、文学、建築、法律の領域での彼らの貢献は、後の社会の発展のための基盤を築きました。これら古代文明の持続的な遺産は、現代の私たちの世界への持続的な影響の証となっています。
[広告]
確かな英語力は、日々の継続から。
その継続を後押しする、第二言語習得理論に基づいた
オンライン英語学習プログラムがあります。
英語を使う人のための、確実なスキルアップが望める
7日間の無料体験はこちらから！
TOEFL ibt ライティング対策も、
あるテクノロジーを活用すれば、一発解決！
自分1人でも、ライティングは対策出来る時代に。
英会話を始めてみたいけれど、どのサービスが良いか分からない…
そんな方は、まず、この記事で３つのサービスを比べてみてはいかがでしょうか？
英語力を効率良く伸ばすことができるサービス３選です。
コメント